what is meant by active and passive components？

Active components refer to components that can stimulate and amplify electrical signals, oscillate, control current or energy distribution and other active functions and even perform data operations and processing when energy is supplied. 

Active components include various transistors, integrated circuits (ic), image tubes and displays. Compared with active components, passive components mean that they cannot stimulate, amplify, oscillate, etc. to electrical signals, and are passively compliant in response to electrical signals, while electrical signals pass through electronic components according to their original basic characteristics. The most common resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc. are passive components. 

Active components and passive components correspond to active components. If there is a power supply inside the electronic component when it is working, then this kind of device is called an active device, and it needs a source of energy to achieve its specific function. Active devices themselves consume power, and high-power active devices usually have a heat sink. 
Corresponding to passive components are passive components. Resistor, capacitance and inductance components can complete the specified functions with signals passing through in the circuit without external excitation power, so they are called passive devices. 
The passive device itself consumes very little electric energy, or converts electric energy into other forms of energy.

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